Heliconius melpomene
In 3 days ~20% in a week ~40%
Heliconius melpomene, the postman butterfly, common postman or simply postman, is a brightly colored, geographically variable butterfly species found throughout Central and South America. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. Its coloration coevolved with another member of the genus, H. erato, as a warning to predators of its inedibility; this is an example of Müllerian mimicry. H. melpomene was one of the first butterfly species observed to forage for pollen, a behavior that is common in other insect groups but rare in butterflies. Because of the recent rapid evolutionary radiation of the genus Heliconius and overlapping of its habitat with other related species, H. melpomene has been the subject of extensive study on speciation and hybridization. These hybrids tend to have low fitness as they look different from the original species and no longer exhibit Müllerian mimicry.
Heliconius melpomene possesses ultraviolet vision which enhances its ability to distinguish subtle differences between markings on the wings of other butterflies. This allows the butterfly to avoid mating with other species that share the same geographic range.
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| # | Park | Country | Daily sighting probability |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Podocarpus National Park | 🇪🇨 Ecuador | |
| 2 | Manu National Park | 🇵🇪 Peru | |
| 3 | Braulio Carrillo National Park | 🇨🇷 Costa Rica | |
| 4 | Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve | 🇨🇷 Costa Rica |
With luck
About 10% of wildlife watchers report a Postman sighting in San José on a given day, based on 18 verified sightings from GBIF citizen-science data. It is the 97th most-seen of the 239 insects we can rate there. Over three days the chance rises to about 20%, and over a week to about 40%, if each day is a fresh chance.
August–October and December–April
In those months about 10% of wildlife watchers report a Postman in San José on a given day, against under 5% in May–July and November, the lowest months.
Between 11 am and 2 pm
Across all the parks we cover, that three-hour window holds the most Postman sightings with a recorded time, and about 9 in 10 of them come between 6 am and 6 pm: it is a daytime animal.
Among the best
Of the 2 cities where we can rate Postman sightings, San José ranks 2nd at about 10%, level with the leaders once rounded. The best odds are in São Luís (Brazil, about 10%).
Same genus: Heliconius
The closest relatives of the Postman that you can see in San José (genus Heliconius, Longwings and Heliconians) are Zebra Longwing (about 30%), Tiger Longwing (about 10%) and Red Postman (about 10%), with each one's daily chance of a sighting.
GBIF citizen-science records
It is estimated from how often the Postman is recorded against all the insects logged in San José (18 verified sightings), calibrated against known sighting rates. Figures are rounded to the nearest 10% because citizen-science data supports honest approximations, not decimals, and months with records from fewer than five people show "—". How it works.
