Rhinella margaritifera
Silhouette: Dennis C. Murphy, after http://bit.ly/4q6IESe · PhyloPic
In 3 days ~50% in a week ~80%
The South American common toad (Rhinella margaritifera; also mitred toad, in Spanish sapo crestado) is a species complex of toads in the family Bufonidae. They are found throughout the Amazonian South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela) and eastern Panama. It was originally believed to be a single species, but is now known to represent a complex of more than one.
Its natural habitats are primary and secondary lowland, premontane and montane tropical moist forests (including terra firme and seasonally flooded forests). It is a generalist species that can also be found in disturbed areas.
As of 2013, there were 16 formally described species within this complex, as well as an unknown number that are yet to be recognized. Rhinella acutirostris Rhinella alata Rhinella castaneotica Rhinella dapsilis Rhinella hoogmoedi
Rhinella lescurei Rhinella magnussoni Rhinella margaritifera Rhinella paraguayensis Rhinella martyi Rhinella ocellata Rhinella proboscidea Rhinella roqueana Rhinella scitula Rhinella sclerocephala Rhinella stanlaii Wikipedia →
Recording0:32
Suriname · 1975
© M.S. Hoogmoed · XC882860 · CC BY 4.0
| # | Park | Country | Daily sighting probability |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Yasuní National Park | 🇪🇨 Ecuador | |
| 2 | Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve | 🇪🇨 Ecuador | |
| 3 | Amacayacu National Natural Park | 🇨🇴 Colombia | |
| 4 | Podocarpus National Park | 🇪🇨 Ecuador | |
| 5 | Tambopata National Reserve | 🇵🇪 Peru | |
| 6 | Manu National Park | 🇵🇪 Peru |
Possible
About 20% of wildlife watchers report a South American Common Toad sighting in Podocarpus National Park on a given day, based on 7 verified sightings from GBIF citizen-science data from 2019 to 2026. It is the 4th most-seen of the 6 amphibians we can rate there. Over three days the chance rises to about 50%, and over a week to about 80%, if each day is a fresh chance.
September
In that month about 40% of wildlife watchers report a South American Common Toad in Podocarpus National Park on a given day, against under 5% in January–February, April–August and October–November, the lowest months.
Between 7 and 10 pm
Across all the parks we cover, that three-hour window holds the most South American Common Toad sightings with a recorded time, and about 7 in 10 of them come between 6 pm and 6 am: it is seen both by day and at night.
4th of 6
Of the 6 parks where we can rate South American Common Toad sightings, Podocarpus National Park ranks 4th at about 20%. The best odds are in Yasuní National Park (Ecuador, about 60%), Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve (Ecuador, about 40%) and Amacayacu National Natural Park (Colombia, about 20%). All parks ranked.
GBIF citizen-science records
It is estimated from how often the South American Common Toad is recorded against all the amphibians logged in Podocarpus National Park (7 verified sightings from 2019 to 2026), calibrated against known sighting rates. Figures are rounded to the nearest 10% because citizen-science data supports honest approximations, not decimals, and months with records from fewer than five people show "—". How it works.
_Figure_2.tif/330px-Pristimantis_lojanus_(10.1371-journal.pone.0258454)_Figure_2.tif)
