Threskiornithidae (Ibises and Spoonbills)

Family

Ibises and Spoonbills

Threskiornithidae

27 species in our catalog · found in 195 parks

Species in this group

Daily sighting probability by month

Probability-weighted average across the group's species

~40%
Jan
~40%
Feb
~40%
Mar
~40%
Apr
~40%
May
~40%
Jun
~40%
Jul
~40%
Aug
~40%
Sep
~40%
Oct
~40%
Nov
~40%
Dec

When they're spotted

When the group's species are recorded (aggregated)

midnight6amnoon6pmmidnight

Where to see Ibises and Spoonbills

Parks Ranked

#ParkCountrySpeciesDaily sighting probability
1 Keoladeo National Park 🇮🇳 India
4 of 27
>90%
2 Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge 🇺🇸 United States
3 of 27
>90%
3 Nairobi National Park 🇰🇪 Kenya
4 of 27
>90%
4 Amboseli National Park 🇰🇪 Kenya
4 of 27
~90%
5 South Luangwa National Park 🇿🇲 Zambia
4 of 27
~90%
6 Lake Nakuru National Park 🇰🇪 Kenya
4 of 27
~90%
7 Lower Zambezi National Park 🇿🇲 Zambia
4 of 27
~90%
8 Doñana National Park 🇪🇸 Spain
2 of 27
~90%
9 Liwonde National Park 🇲🇼 Malawi
4 of 27
~90%
10 West Coast National Park 🇿🇦 South Africa
4 of 27
~90%
11 Chobe National Park 🇧🇼 Botswana
4 of 27
~90%
12 Gonarezhou National Park 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe
3 of 27
~90%
13 Bale Mountains National Park 🇪🇹 Ethiopia
2 of 27
~90%
14 Arusha National Park 🇹🇿 Tanzania
4 of 27
~90%
15 De Hoop Nature Reserve 🇿🇦 South Africa
4 of 27
~80%
16 Kakadu National Park 🇦🇺 Australia
4 of 27
~80%
17 Mana Pools National Park 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe
4 of 27
~80%
18 Parque Estadual Encontro das Águas 🇧🇷 Brazil
6 of 27
~80%
19 Yala National Park 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka
3 of 27
~80%
20 Big Cypress National Preserve 🇺🇸 United States
3 of 27
~80%
21 Palo Verde National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
3 of 27
~80%
22 Akagera National Park 🇷🇼 Rwanda
4 of 27
~80%
23 Ría Lagartos Biosphere Reserve 🇲🇽 Mexico
3 of 27
~80%
24 Pilanesberg National Park 🇿🇦 South Africa
4 of 27
~80%
25 Moremi Game Reserve 🇧🇼 Botswana
4 of 27
~80%
26 Table Mountain National Park 🇿🇦 South Africa
4 of 27
~80%
27 Caroni Swamp 🇹🇹 Trinidad and Tobago
2 of 27
~80%
28 Everglades National Park 🇺🇸 United States
3 of 27
~70%
29 Addo Elephant National Park 🇿🇦 South Africa
3 of 27
~70%
30 Garden Route National Park 🇿🇦 South Africa
4 of 27
~70%
31 Kaziranga National Park 🇮🇳 India
2 of 27
~70%
32 Kafue National Park 🇿🇲 Zambia
4 of 27
~70%
33 Niokolo-Koba National Park 🇸🇳 Senegal
1 of 27
~70%
34 Celestún Biosphere Reserve 🇲🇽 Mexico
3 of 27
~70%
35 Camargue 🇫🇷 France
3 of 27
~70%
36 Emas National Park 🇧🇷 Brazil
2 of 27
~70%
37 Iberá National Park 🇦🇷 Argentina
5 of 27
~70%
38 Ngorongoro Conservation Area 🇹🇿 Tanzania
4 of 27
~70%
39 Lake Mburo National Park 🇺🇬 Uganda
3 of 27
~70%
40 Golden Gate Highlands National Park 🇿🇦 South Africa
3 of 27
~70%
41 iSimangaliso Wetland Park 🇿🇦 South Africa
4 of 27
~70%
42 Queen Elizabeth National Park 🇺🇬 Uganda
4 of 27
~70%
43 Murchison Falls National Park 🇺🇬 Uganda
4 of 27
~60%
44 Ciénaga de Zapata 🇨🇺 Cuba
3 of 27
~60%
45 Kruger National Park 🇿🇦 South Africa
4 of 27
~60%
46 Carara National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
3 of 27
~60%
47 Hortobágy National Park 🇭🇺 Hungary
2 of 27
~60%
48 Chitwan National Park 🇳🇵 Nepal
2 of 27
~60%
49 Gorongosa National Park 🇲🇿 Mozambique
4 of 27
~60%
50 uMkhuze Game Reserve 🇿🇦 South Africa
4 of 27
~60%
51 El Impenetrable National Park 🇦🇷 Argentina
5 of 27
~60%
52 Wilpattu National Park 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka
2 of 27
~60%
53 Daintree National Park 🇦🇺 Australia
4 of 27
~50%
54 Tarangire National Park 🇹🇿 Tanzania
4 of 27
~50%
55 Nahuel Huapi National Park 🇦🇷 Argentina
1 of 27
~50%
56 Lauca National Park 🇨🇱 Chile
1 of 27
~50%
57 Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Park 🇿🇦 South Africa
1 of 27
~50%
58 Nagarhole National Park 🇮🇳 India
4 of 27
~50%
59 Hwange National Park 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe
3 of 27
~50%
60 Masai Mara National Reserve 🇰🇪 Kenya
4 of 27
~50%
61 Gir National Park 🇮🇳 India
3 of 27
~50%
62 Lake Manyara National Park 🇹🇿 Tanzania
4 of 27
~40%
63 Tortuguero National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
2 of 27
~40%
64 Ruaha National Park 🇹🇿 Tanzania
1 of 27
~40%
65 Minneriya National Park 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka
2 of 27
~40%
66 Torres del Paine National Park 🇨🇱 Chile
1 of 27
~40%
67 Udawalawe National Park 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka
2 of 27
~40%
68 Ranthambore National Park 🇮🇳 India
4 of 27
~40%
69 Meru National Park 🇰🇪 Kenya
2 of 27
~40%
70 Virunga National Park 🇨🇩 Democratic Republic of the Congo
3 of 27
~40%
71 Litchfield National Park 🇦🇺 Australia
3 of 27
~40%
72 Marino Ballena National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
2 of 27
~40%
73 Tsavo East National Park 🇰🇪 Kenya
3 of 27
~40%
74 Kiskunság National Park 🇭🇺 Hungary
2 of 27
~40%
75 Serra da Canastra National Park 🇧🇷 Brazil
3 of 27
~40%
76 Awash National Park 🇪🇹 Ethiopia
3 of 27
~40%
77 Tsavo West National Park 🇰🇪 Kenya
4 of 27
~40%
78 Aberdare National Park 🇰🇪 Kenya
3 of 27
~40%
79 Anavilhanas National Park 🇧🇷 Brazil
1 of 27
~40%
80 Volcanoes National Park 🇷🇼 Rwanda
1 of 27
~30%
81 Satpura National Park 🇮🇳 India
3 of 27
~30%
82 Sierra de la Macarena National Park 🇨🇴 Colombia
4 of 27
~30%
83 Tierra del Fuego National Park 🇦🇷 Argentina
1 of 27
~30%
84 Semuliki National Park 🇺🇬 Uganda
3 of 27
~30%
85 Kibale National Park 🇺🇬 Uganda
2 of 27
~30%
86 Las Baulas Marine National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
2 of 27
~30%
87 Bastimentos Island National Marine Park 🇵🇦 Panama
4 of 27
~30%
88 Bandhavgarh National Park 🇮🇳 India
2 of 27
~30%
89 Piedras Blancas National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
2 of 27
~30%
90 Hattah-Kulkyne National Park 🇦🇺 Australia
4 of 27
~30%
91 Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park 🇲🇽 Mexico
3 of 27
~30%
92 Samburu National Reserve 🇰🇪 Kenya
4 of 27
~30%
93 Wadden Sea National Park 🇩🇪 Germany
2 of 27
~30%
94 Odzala-Kokoua National Park 🇨🇬 Republic of the Congo
1 of 27
~30%
95 Bahía de Loreto National Park 🇲🇽 Mexico
2 of 27
~30%
96 Taï National Park 🇨🇮 Ivory Coast
2 of 27
~30%
97 Royal Bardia National Park 🇳🇵 Nepal
1 of 27
~30%
98 Monfragüe National Park 🇪🇸 Spain
2 of 27
~30%
99 Kanha National Park 🇮🇳 India
3 of 27
~30%
100 Bandipur National Park 🇮🇳 India
4 of 27
~30%
101 Vicente Pérez Rosales National Park 🇨🇱 Chile
1 of 27
~30%
102 Mikumi National Park 🇹🇿 Tanzania
3 of 27
~30%
103 Ostional Wildlife Refuge 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
2 of 27
~30%
104 Fertő-Hanság National Park 🇭🇺 Hungary
1 of 27
~20%
105 Corcovado National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
2 of 27
~20%
106 Manuel Antonio National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
3 of 27
~20%
107 Royal National Park 🇦🇺 Australia
3 of 27
~20%
108 Wilsons Promontory National Park 🇦🇺 Australia
3 of 27
~20%
109 El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve 🇲🇽 Mexico
2 of 27
~20%
110 Coiba National Park 🇵🇦 Panama
1 of 27
~20%
111 Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve 🇲🇽 Mexico
2 of 27
~20%
112 Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve 🇪🇨 Ecuador
2 of 27
~20%
113 Serengeti National Park 🇹🇿 Tanzania
4 of 27
~20%
114 Jaragua National Park 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic
2 of 27
~20%
115 Ankarafantsika National Park 🇲🇬 Madagascar
2 of 27
~20%
116 Iguaçu National Park 🇧🇷 Brazil
5 of 27
~20%
117 Padre Island National Seashore 🇺🇸 United States
3 of 27
~20%
118 La Amistad International Park (Panama) 🇵🇦 Panama
4 of 27
~20%
119 Kidepo Valley National Park 🇺🇬 Uganda
1 of 27
~20%
120 Mkomazi National Park 🇹🇿 Tanzania
2 of 27
~20%
121 Bwindi Impenetrable National Park 🇺🇬 Uganda
2 of 27
~20%
122 Iguazú National Park 🇦🇷 Argentina
4 of 27
~20%
123 Braulio Carrillo National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
1 of 27
~10%
124 Manu National Park 🇵🇪 Peru
3 of 27
~10%
125 Henri Pittier National Park 🇻🇪 Venezuela
1 of 27
~10%
126 Nyungwe National Park 🇷🇼 Rwanda
2 of 27
~10%
127 El Palmar National Park 🇦🇷 Argentina
3 of 27
~10%
128 Grampians National Park 🇦🇺 Australia
3 of 27
~10%
129 Tambopata National Reserve 🇵🇪 Peru
2 of 27
~10%
130 Noosa National Park 🇦🇺 Australia
1 of 27
~10%
131 Nitmiluk National Park 🇦🇺 Australia
1 of 27
~10%
132 Los Nevados National Natural Park 🇨🇴 Colombia
2 of 27
~10%
133 Amacayacu National Natural Park 🇨🇴 Colombia
1 of 27
~10%
134 Santa Rosa National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
1 of 27
~10%
135 Mudumalai National Park 🇮🇳 India
2 of 27
~10%
136 Mantadia National Park 🇲🇬 Madagascar
1 of 27
~10%
137 Tapantí-Macizo de la Muerte National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
2 of 27
~10%
138 Springbrook National Park 🇦🇺 Australia
2 of 27
~10%
139 Abel Tasman National Park 🇳🇿 New Zealand
1 of 27
~10%
140 Los Haitises National Park 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic
2 of 27
~10%
141 Death Valley National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 27
~10%
142 Great Otway National Park 🇦🇺 Australia
4 of 27
~10%
143 Flinders Chase 🇦🇺 Australia
1 of 27
~10%
144 Sierra de Guadarrama National Park 🇪🇸 Spain
3 of 27
~10%
145 Booderee National Park 🇦🇺 Australia
2 of 27
~10%
146 Cabo Blanco Absolute Nature Reserve 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
1 of 27
~10%
147 Cabo Pulmo National Park 🇲🇽 Mexico
1 of 27
<5%
148 Blue Mountains National Park 🇦🇺 Australia
5 of 27
<5%
149 Gandoca-Manzanillo Wildlife Refuge 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
2 of 27
<5%
150 Congaree National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 27
<5%
151 Sundarbans National Park 🇮🇳 India
2 of 27
<5%
152 Channel Islands National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 27
<5%
153 Yasuní National Park 🇪🇨 Ecuador
3 of 27
<5%
154 Darién National Park 🇵🇦 Panama
2 of 27
<5%
155 Chapada dos Guimarães National Park 🇧🇷 Brazil
2 of 27
<5%
156 Farallones de Cali National Natural Park 🇨🇴 Colombia
3 of 27
<5%
157 Elk Island National Park 🇨🇦 Canada
1 of 27
<5%
158 Periyar National Park 🇮🇳 India
1 of 27
<5%
159 Lamington National Park 🇦🇺 Australia
3 of 27
<5%
160 Machalilla National Park 🇪🇨 Ecuador
2 of 27
<5%
161 Ranomafana National Park 🇲🇬 Madagascar
1 of 27
<5%
162 Amboró National Park 🇧🇴 Bolivia
1 of 27
<5%
163 Itatiaia National Park 🇧🇷 Brazil
2 of 27
<5%
164 Parque Natural Metropolitano 🇵🇦 Panama
1 of 27
<5%
165 Joshua Tree National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 27
<5%
166 Cahuita National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
1 of 27
<5%
167 Chingaza National Natural Park 🇨🇴 Colombia
2 of 27
<5%
168 Arenal Volcano National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
3 of 27
<5%
169 Lago de Yojoa 🇭🇳 Honduras
1 of 27
<5%
170 Etosha National Park 🇳🇦 Namibia
2 of 27
<5%
171 Yellowstone National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 27
<5%
172 Soberanía National Park 🇵🇦 Panama
3 of 27
<5%
173 Serra dos Órgãos National Park 🇧🇷 Brazil
1 of 27
<5%
174 Big Bend National Park 🇺🇸 United States
2 of 27
<5%
175 Bavarian Forest National Park 🇩🇪 Germany
1 of 27
<5%
176 Manas National Park 🇮🇳 India
2 of 27
<5%
177 Sierra Nevada National Park 🇪🇸 Spain
1 of 27
<5%
178 Rakiura National Park 🇳🇿 New Zealand
1 of 27
<5%
179 Tayrona National Natural Park 🇨🇴 Colombia
2 of 27
<5%
180 Chagres National Park 🇵🇦 Panama
2 of 27
<5%
181 Sinharaja Forest Reserve 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka
1 of 27
<5%
182 Cerro Azul Meámbar National Park 🇭🇳 Honduras
1 of 27
<5%
183 Tenorio Volcano National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
2 of 27
<5%
184 Raja Ampat 🇮🇩 Indonesia
1 of 27
<5%
185 Zion National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 27
<5%
186 Fiordland National Park 🇳🇿 New Zealand
1 of 27
<5%
187 Jim Corbett National Park 🇮🇳 India
1 of 27
<5%
188 Grand Teton National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 27
<5%
189 Rincón de la Vieja National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
1 of 27
<5%
190 Saguaro National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 27
<5%
191 Poás Volcano National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
1 of 27
<5%
192 Tikal National Park 🇬🇹 Guatemala
1 of 27
<5%
193 Tijuca National Park 🇧🇷 Brazil
1 of 27
<5%
194 Grand Canyon National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 27
<5%
195 Rocky Mountain National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 27
<5%

Cities Ranked

#CityCountrySpeciesDaily sighting probability
1 Johannesburg 🇿🇦 South Africa
4 of 27
~90%
2 Durban 🇿🇦 South Africa
3 of 27
~90%
3 Pretoria 🇿🇦 South Africa
2 of 27
~90%
4 Nairobi 🇰🇪 Kenya
3 of 27
~80%
5 Cape Town 🇿🇦 South Africa
4 of 27
~80%
6 Addis Ababa 🇪🇹 Ethiopia
3 of 27
~80%
7 Kampala 🇺🇬 Uganda
4 of 27
~80%
8 Brisbane 🇦🇺 Australia
5 of 27
~80%
9 Kigali 🇷🇼 Rwanda
4 of 27
~80%
10 Perth 🇦🇺 Australia
4 of 27
~80%
11 Mombasa 🇰🇪 Kenya
3 of 27
~80%
12 Goiânia 🇧🇷 Brazil
3 of 27
~80%
13 Rajkot 🇮🇳 India
4 of 27
~70%
14 Sydney 🇦🇺 Australia
4 of 27
~70%
15 Dar es-Salaam 🇹🇿 Tanzania
4 of 27
~70%
16 Curitiba 🇧🇷 Brazil
5 of 27
~70%
17 Miami 🇺🇸 United States
3 of 27
~70%
18 Mysuru 🇮🇳 India
4 of 27
~60%
19 Vadodara 🇮🇳 India
4 of 27
~60%
20 Cali 🇨🇴 Colombia
3 of 27
~60%
21 Luxor 🇪🇬 Egypt
2 of 27
~60%
22 Madurai 🇮🇳 India
4 of 27
~60%
23 Vasai-Virar 🇮🇳 India
3 of 27
~60%
24 Porto Alegre 🇧🇷 Brazil
3 of 27
~60%
25 Coimbatore 🇮🇳 India
3 of 27
~60%
26 Bogota 🇨🇴 Colombia
3 of 27
~50%
27 Rabat 🇲🇦 Morocco
2 of 27
~50%
28 Ponnani 🇮🇳 India
3 of 27
~50%
29 Medellín 🇨🇴 Colombia
1 of 27
~50%
30 Orlando 🇺🇸 United States
3 of 27
~50%
31 Cairo 🇪🇬 Egypt
1 of 27
~50%
32 Melbourne 🇦🇺 Australia
4 of 27
~50%
33 Kota 🇮🇳 India
3 of 27
~50%
34 Campo Grande 🇧🇷 Brazil
2 of 27
~50%
35 Chennai 🇮🇳 India
4 of 27
~50%
36 Kochi 🇮🇳 India
3 of 27
~50%
37 Kalyan-Dombivli 🇮🇳 India
4 of 27
~40%
38 Santa Cruz de la Sierra 🇧🇴 Bolivia
7 of 27
~40%
39 Agra 🇮🇳 India
3 of 27
~40%
40 São Luís 🇧🇷 Brazil
1 of 27
~40%
41 Barranquilla 🇨🇴 Colombia
4 of 27
~40%
42 Bengaluru 🇮🇳 India
4 of 27
~40%
43 Thiruvananthapuram 🇮🇳 India
3 of 27
~40%
44 Caracas 🇻🇪 Venezuela
1 of 27
~40%
45 Ahmedabad 🇮🇳 India
4 of 27
~40%
46 Surat 🇮🇳 India
4 of 27
~40%
47 Vijayawada 🇮🇳 India
2 of 27
~40%
48 Colombo [Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte] 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka
3 of 27
~40%
49 Campinas 🇧🇷 Brazil
4 of 27
~40%
50 Guayaquil 🇪🇨 Ecuador
3 of 27
~40%
51 Ludhiana 🇮🇳 India
1 of 27
~40%
52 Hyderabad 🇮🇳 India
4 of 27
~30%
53 Nashik 🇮🇳 India
2 of 27
~30%
54 Panama City 🇵🇦 Panama
4 of 27
~30%
55 Ranchi 🇮🇳 India
1 of 27
~30%
56 Serrekunda 🇬🇲 Gambia
4 of 27
~30%
57 Mumbai 🇮🇳 India
4 of 27
~30%
58 Thrissur 🇮🇳 India
3 of 27
~30%
59 Meerut 🇮🇳 India
1 of 27
~30%
60 New Delhi 🇮🇳 India
4 of 27
~30%

Zoos & Centres Where Found

# Zoo / Centre Country
1 Disney's Animal Kingdom 🇺🇸 United States In captivity
2 SeaWorld Orlando 🇺🇸 United States In captivity
3 Chimelong Spaceship 🇨🇳 China In captivity
4 Busch Gardens Tampa 🇺🇸 United States In captivity
5 San Diego Zoo 🇺🇸 United States In captivity
6 Moscow Zoo 🇷🇺 Russia In captivity
7 Pairi Daiza 🇧🇪 Belgium In captivity
8 Prague Zoo 🇨🇿 Czechia In captivity
9 National Zoological Park 🇺🇸 United States In captivity
10 ZooParc de Beauval 🇫🇷 France In captivity
11 SeaWorld Abu Dhabi 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates In captivity
12 Leipzig Zoological Garden 🇩🇪 Germany In captivity
13 Denver Zoo 🇺🇸 United States In captivity
14 Copenhagen Zoo 🇩🇰 Denmark In captivity
15 Tierpark Berlin 🇩🇪 Germany In captivity
16 Natura Artis Magistra 🇳🇱 Netherlands In captivity
17 Dublin Zoo 🇮🇪 Ireland In captivity
18 Cleveland Metroparks Zoo 🇺🇸 United States In captivity
19 Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden 🇺🇸 United States In captivity
20 Zürich Zoo 🇨🇭 Switzerland In captivity
21 Dresden Zoo 🇩🇪 Germany In captivity
22 Aquarium of Genoa 🇮🇹 Italy In captivity
23 Lisbon Oceanarium 🇵🇹 Portugal In captivity
24 Planckendael Zoo 🇧🇪 Belgium In captivity
25 Antwerp Zoo 🇧🇪 Belgium In captivity
26 Toba Aquarium 🇯🇵 Japan In captivity
27 Parque das Aves 🇧🇷 Brazil In captivity
28 Barcelona Zoo 🇪🇸 Spain In captivity
29 Le Pal 🇫🇷 France In captivity
30 North Carolina Zoo 🇺🇸 United States In captivity
31 Australia Zoo 🇦🇺 Australia In captivity
32 Zlín-Lešná Zoo 🇨🇿 Czechia In captivity
33 Ostrava Zoo 🇨🇿 Czechia In captivity
34 Dvůr Králové Zoo 🇨🇿 Czechia In captivity
35 Paris Zoological Park 🇫🇷 France In captivity
36 Zoo Pilsen 🇨🇿 Czechia In captivity
37 Parc Phœnix 🇫🇷 France In captivity
38 Réserve africaine de Sigean 🇫🇷 France In captivity
39 Jihlava Zoo 🇨🇿 Czechia In captivity
40 Walsrode World Bird Park 🇩🇪 Germany In captivity
41 Zoologic park de Lille 🇫🇷 France In captivity
42 Muséum de Besançon 🇫🇷 France In captivity
43 Parc des oiseaux 🇫🇷 France In captivity
44 Zoo de Doué 🇫🇷 France In captivity
45 Abilene Zoological Gardens 🇺🇸 United States In captivity
46 Zoo de Maubeuge 🇫🇷 France In captivity
47 Aquarium du palais de la Porte Dorée 🇫🇷 France In captivity
48 Zoobotánico Jerez 🇪🇸 Spain In captivity
49 Nordens Ark 🇸🇪 Sweden In captivity
50 Wildpark Ebersberg 🇩🇪 Germany In captivity