Caprimulgidae (Nightjars and Allies)

Family

Nightjars and Allies

Caprimulgidae

68 species in our catalog · found in 228 parks

Species in this group

Showing the 60 most likely of 68 species — the park table below covers them all.

Daily sighting probability by month

Probability-weighted average across the group's species

~10%
Jan
~10%
Feb
~10%
Mar
~10%
Apr
~10%
May
~10%
Jun
~10%
Jul
~10%
Aug
~10%
Sep
~10%
Oct
~10%
Nov
~10%
Dec

When they're spotted

When the group's species are recorded (aggregated)

midnight6amnoon6pmmidnight

Where to see Nightjars and Allies

Parks Ranked

#ParkCountrySpeciesDaily sighting probability
1 Way Kambas National Park 🇮🇩 Indonesia
4 of 68
~90%
2 Parque Estadual Encontro das Águas 🇧🇷 Brazil
6 of 68
~50%
3 Chapada dos Guimarães National Park 🇧🇷 Brazil
6 of 68
~50%
4 Bali Barat National Park 🇮🇩 Indonesia
2 of 68
~40%
5 Anavilhanas National Park 🇧🇷 Brazil
6 of 68
~40%
6 Berenty Reserve 🇲🇬 Madagascar
1 of 68
~40%
7 Lake Mburo National Park 🇺🇬 Uganda
6 of 68
~40%
8 Tangkoko Nature Reserve 🇮🇩 Indonesia
2 of 68
~40%
9 Cat Tien National Park 🇻🇳 Vietnam
2 of 68
~40%
10 Emas National Park 🇧🇷 Brazil
3 of 68
~40%
11 Farallones de Cali National Natural Park 🇨🇴 Colombia
4 of 68
~40%
12 Gonarezhou National Park 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe
3 of 68
~30%
13 Kafue National Park 🇿🇲 Zambia
4 of 68
~30%
14 Yala National Park 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka
3 of 68
~30%
15 Manu National Park 🇵🇪 Peru
7 of 68
~30%
16 El Impenetrable National Park 🇦🇷 Argentina
3 of 68
~30%
17 Serra da Canastra National Park 🇧🇷 Brazil
6 of 68
~30%
18 Badlands National Park 🇺🇸 United States
2 of 68
~30%
19 Khao Yai National Park 🇹🇭 Thailand
4 of 68
~30%
20 Ruaha National Park 🇹🇿 Tanzania
3 of 68
~30%
21 Mudumalai National Park 🇮🇳 India
4 of 68
~30%
22 Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve 🇪🇨 Ecuador
4 of 68
~30%
23 Amacayacu National Natural Park 🇨🇴 Colombia
4 of 68
~30%
24 Gir National Park 🇮🇳 India
3 of 68
~30%
25 Amboró National Park 🇧🇴 Bolivia
4 of 68
~30%
26 Liwonde National Park 🇲🇼 Malawi
2 of 68
~30%
27 Tambopata National Reserve 🇵🇪 Peru
7 of 68
~20%
28 Point Pelee National Park 🇨🇦 Canada
3 of 68
~20%
29 Yasuní National Park 🇪🇨 Ecuador
7 of 68
~20%
30 Bandhavgarh National Park 🇮🇳 India
3 of 68
~20%
31 Kidepo Valley National Park 🇺🇬 Uganda
5 of 68
~20%
32 Satpura National Park 🇮🇳 India
3 of 68
~20%
33 Kaeng Krachan National Park 🇹🇭 Thailand
4 of 68
~20%
34 Rincón de la Vieja National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
3 of 68
~20%
35 Santa Rosa National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
3 of 68
~20%
36 Big Bend National Park 🇺🇸 United States
4 of 68
~20%
37 Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve 🇲🇽 Mexico
2 of 68
~20%
38 Tsavo West National Park 🇰🇪 Kenya
6 of 68
~20%
39 Mana Pools National Park 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe
4 of 68
~20%
40 Iberá National Park 🇦🇷 Argentina
6 of 68
~20%
41 Wilpattu National Park 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka
2 of 68
~20%
42 Manas National Park 🇮🇳 India
2 of 68
~20%
43 Main Ridge Forest Reserve 🇹🇹 Trinidad and Tobago
1 of 68
~20%
44 South Luangwa National Park 🇿🇲 Zambia
3 of 68
~20%
45 Piedras Blancas National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
2 of 68
~20%
46 Keoladeo National Park 🇮🇳 India
4 of 68
~20%
47 Samburu National Reserve 🇰🇪 Kenya
4 of 68
~20%
48 Akagera National Park 🇷🇼 Rwanda
5 of 68
~20%
49 uMkhuze Game Reserve 🇿🇦 South Africa
2 of 68
~20%
50 Palo Verde National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
3 of 68
~20%
51 Serra dos Órgãos National Park 🇧🇷 Brazil
3 of 68
~20%
52 Carara National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
4 of 68
~20%
53 Periyar National Park 🇮🇳 India
4 of 68
~20%
54 Udawalawe National Park 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka
2 of 68
~20%
55 Minneriya National Park 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka
3 of 68
~20%
56 Caroni Swamp 🇹🇹 Trinidad and Tobago
3 of 68
~20%
57 Manuel Antonio National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
3 of 68
~20%
58 Bastimentos Island National Marine Park 🇵🇦 Panama
4 of 68
~20%
59 Murchison Falls National Park 🇺🇬 Uganda
8 of 68
~20%
60 Tikal National Park 🇬🇹 Guatemala
2 of 68
~20%
61 Cabo Blanco Absolute Nature Reserve 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
2 of 68
~20%
62 Chapada Diamantina National Park 🇧🇷 Brazil
5 of 68
~20%
63 Tenorio Volcano National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
3 of 68
~20%
64 Moremi Game Reserve 🇧🇼 Botswana
3 of 68
~10%
65 Ankarafantsika National Park 🇲🇬 Madagascar
1 of 68
~10%
66 Ría Lagartos Biosphere Reserve 🇲🇽 Mexico
3 of 68
~10%
67 Gandoca-Manzanillo Wildlife Refuge 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
4 of 68
~10%
68 Kruger National Park 🇿🇦 South Africa
6 of 68
~10%
69 Celestún Biosphere Reserve 🇲🇽 Mexico
4 of 68
~10%
70 Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park 🇲🇽 Mexico
3 of 68
~10%
71 Sierra de la Macarena National Park 🇨🇴 Colombia
4 of 68
~10%
72 Cumbres de Monterrey National Park 🇲🇽 Mexico
5 of 68
~10%
73 Iguazú National Park 🇦🇷 Argentina
4 of 68
~10%
74 Royal Bardia National Park 🇳🇵 Nepal
2 of 68
~10%
75 Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary 🇧🇿 Belize
2 of 68
~10%
76 Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Park 🇿🇦 South Africa
1 of 68
~10%
77 Braulio Carrillo National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
6 of 68
~10%
78 Everglades National Park 🇺🇸 United States
5 of 68
~10%
79 Hwange National Park 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe
3 of 68
~10%
80 Corcovado National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
3 of 68
~10%
81 Waterberg Plateau Park 🇳🇦 Namibia
1 of 68
~10%
82 Niokolo-Koba National Park 🇸🇳 Senegal
2 of 68
~10%
83 Gorongosa National Park 🇲🇿 Mozambique
2 of 68
~10%
84 El Triunfo 🇲🇽 Mexico
3 of 68
~10%
85 Queen Elizabeth National Park 🇺🇬 Uganda
5 of 68
~10%
86 Kanha National Park 🇮🇳 India
4 of 68
~10%
87 Ciénaga de Zapata 🇨🇺 Cuba
2 of 68
~10%
88 Soberanía National Park 🇵🇦 Panama
6 of 68
~10%
89 Lower Zambezi National Park 🇿🇲 Zambia
3 of 68
~10%
90 Cabo Pulmo National Park 🇲🇽 Mexico
1 of 68
~10%
91 Tarangire National Park 🇹🇿 Tanzania
4 of 68
~10%
92 Henri Pittier National Park 🇻🇪 Venezuela
3 of 68
~10%
93 Iguaçu National Park 🇧🇷 Brazil
4 of 68
~10%
94 Coiba National Park 🇵🇦 Panama
1 of 68
~10%
95 Ostional Wildlife Refuge 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
2 of 68
~10%
96 Tapantí-Macizo de la Muerte National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
3 of 68
~10%
97 Irazú Volcano National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
2 of 68
~10%
98 Ranthambore National Park 🇮🇳 India
3 of 68
~10%
99 La Amistad International Park (Panama) 🇵🇦 Panama
6 of 68
~10%
100 Los Quetzales National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
2 of 68
~10%
101 Arenal Volcano National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
5 of 68
~10%
102 Pilanesberg National Park 🇿🇦 South Africa
2 of 68
~10%
103 Guadalupe Mountains National Park 🇺🇸 United States
2 of 68
~10%
104 Machalilla National Park 🇪🇨 Ecuador
3 of 68
~10%
105 Mikumi National Park 🇹🇿 Tanzania
1 of 68
~10%
106 Tayrona National Natural Park 🇨🇴 Colombia
4 of 68
~10%
107 Etosha National Park 🇳🇦 Namibia
3 of 68
~10%
108 Virunga National Park 🇨🇩 Democratic Republic of the Congo
2 of 68
~10%
109 Doi Inthanon National Park 🇹🇭 Thailand
4 of 68
~10%
110 iSimangaliso Wetland Park 🇿🇦 South Africa
3 of 68
~10%
111 Meru National Park 🇰🇪 Kenya
1 of 68
~10%
112 Kerinci Seblat National Park 🇮🇩 Indonesia
1 of 68
~10%
113 Saguaro National Park 🇺🇸 United States
2 of 68
~10%
114 Las Baulas Marine National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
2 of 68
~10%
115 Pico Bonito National Park 🇭🇳 Honduras
1 of 68
~10%
116 Addo Elephant National Park 🇿🇦 South Africa
1 of 68
~10%
117 Podocarpus National Park 🇪🇨 Ecuador
3 of 68
~10%
118 Tsavo East National Park 🇰🇪 Kenya
4 of 68
~10%
119 Tortuguero National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
4 of 68
~10%
120 Chagres National Park 🇵🇦 Panama
3 of 68
~10%
121 Ranomafana National Park 🇲🇬 Madagascar
1 of 68
~10%
122 Raja Ampat 🇮🇩 Indonesia
1 of 68
~10%
123 Cerro Azul Meámbar National Park 🇭🇳 Honduras
2 of 68
~10%
124 El Palmar National Park 🇦🇷 Argentina
1 of 68
~10%
125 Padre Island National Seashore 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 68
~10%
126 Amboseli National Park 🇰🇪 Kenya
2 of 68
~10%
127 Death Valley National Park 🇺🇸 United States
2 of 68
~10%
128 Glacier National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 68
~10%
129 Sundarbans National Park 🇮🇳 India
1 of 68
~10%
130 Itatiaia National Park 🇧🇷 Brazil
3 of 68
~10%
131 Garden Route National Park 🇿🇦 South Africa
1 of 68
~10%
132 Cusuco National Park 🇭🇳 Honduras
2 of 68
~10%
133 Calakmul Biosphere Reserve 🇲🇽 Mexico
4 of 68
~10%
134 Mantadia National Park 🇲🇬 Madagascar
2 of 68
~10%
135 Nairobi National Park 🇰🇪 Kenya
3 of 68
~10%
136 Jim Corbett National Park 🇮🇳 India
2 of 68
~10%
137 De Hoop Nature Reserve 🇿🇦 South Africa
1 of 68
~10%
138 Bandipur National Park 🇮🇳 India
4 of 68
~10%
139 Chitwan National Park 🇳🇵 Nepal
2 of 68
~10%
140 Big Cypress National Preserve 🇺🇸 United States
3 of 68
<5%
141 Brownsberg Nature Park 🇸🇷 Suriname
1 of 68
<5%
142 Vicente Pérez Rosales National Park 🇨🇱 Chile
1 of 68
<5%
143 Chobe National Park 🇧🇼 Botswana
3 of 68
<5%
144 Aberdare National Park 🇰🇪 Kenya
1 of 68
<5%
145 Bwindi Impenetrable National Park 🇺🇬 Uganda
1 of 68
<5%
146 Darién National Park 🇵🇦 Panama
2 of 68
<5%
147 Grand Teton National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 68
<5%
148 Semuliki National Park 🇺🇬 Uganda
1 of 68
<5%
149 Masai Mara National Reserve 🇰🇪 Kenya
5 of 68
<5%
150 Cévennes National Park 🇫🇷 France
1 of 68
<5%
151 Lago de Yojoa 🇭🇳 Honduras
1 of 68
<5%
152 Nagarhole National Park 🇮🇳 India
2 of 68
<5%
153 Hattah-Kulkyne National Park 🇦🇺 Australia
1 of 68
<5%
154 Lauca National Park 🇨🇱 Chile
1 of 68
<5%
155 Kakadu National Park 🇦🇺 Australia
2 of 68
<5%
156 Taman Negara National Park 🇲🇾 Malaysia
2 of 68
<5%
157 Biebrza National Park 🇵🇱 Poland
1 of 68
<5%
158 Chingaza National Natural Park 🇨🇴 Colombia
2 of 68
<5%
159 Cañón del Sumidero National Park 🇲🇽 Mexico
1 of 68
<5%
160 Parque Natural Metropolitano 🇵🇦 Panama
2 of 68
<5%
161 Great Smoky Mountains National Park 🇺🇸 United States
3 of 68
<5%
162 Chirripó National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
2 of 68
<5%
163 Masaya Volcano National Park 🇳🇮 Nicaragua
2 of 68
<5%
164 Serengeti National Park 🇹🇿 Tanzania
6 of 68
<5%
165 Białowieża National Park 🇵🇱 Poland
1 of 68
<5%
166 Khao Sok National Park 🇹🇭 Thailand
2 of 68
<5%
167 Los Nevados National Natural Park 🇨🇴 Colombia
4 of 68
<5%
168 Marino Ballena National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
2 of 68
<5%
169 Yellowstone National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 68
<5%
170 Ngorongoro Conservation Area 🇹🇿 Tanzania
3 of 68
<5%
171 Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park 🇿🇦 South Africa
1 of 68
<5%
172 Nyungwe National Park 🇷🇼 Rwanda
1 of 68
<5%
173 Langtang National Park 🇳🇵 Nepal
1 of 68
<5%
174 Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
4 of 68
<5%
175 Celaque National Park 🇭🇳 Honduras
1 of 68
<5%
176 Lake Manyara National Park 🇹🇿 Tanzania
1 of 68
<5%
177 Voyageurs National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 68
<5%
178 Sierra de Guadarrama National Park 🇪🇸 Spain
2 of 68
<5%
179 Joshua Tree National Park 🇺🇸 United States
2 of 68
<5%
180 Lake Nakuru National Park 🇰🇪 Kenya
1 of 68
<5%
181 Isle Royale National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 68
<5%
182 Sepilok 🇲🇾 Malaysia
1 of 68
<5%
183 West Coast National Park 🇿🇦 South Africa
1 of 68
<5%
184 Cahuita National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
2 of 68
<5%
185 El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve 🇲🇽 Mexico
2 of 68
<5%
186 Kibale National Park 🇺🇬 Uganda
1 of 68
<5%
187 La Tigra National Park 🇭🇳 Honduras
1 of 68
<5%
188 Olympic National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 68
<5%
189 Volcanoes National Park 🇷🇼 Rwanda
1 of 68
<5%
190 Monfragüe National Park 🇪🇸 Spain
1 of 68
<5%
191 Doñana National Park 🇪🇸 Spain
1 of 68
<5%
192 Pacific Rim National Park Reserve 🇨🇦 Canada
1 of 68
<5%
193 Zion National Park 🇺🇸 United States
3 of 68
<5%
194 Acadia National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 68
<5%
195 Grand Canyon National Park 🇺🇸 United States
2 of 68
<5%
196 Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park 🇪🇸 Spain
1 of 68
<5%
197 Daintree National Park 🇦🇺 Australia
1 of 68
<5%
198 Los Haitises National Park 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic
1 of 68
<5%
199 Kiskunság National Park 🇭🇺 Hungary
1 of 68
<5%
200 Nahuel Huapi National Park 🇦🇷 Argentina
1 of 68
<5%
201 Bahía de Loreto National Park 🇲🇽 Mexico
1 of 68
<5%
202 Yosemite National Park 🇺🇸 United States
2 of 68
<5%
203 Rocky Mountain National Park 🇺🇸 United States
2 of 68
<5%
204 Jasper National Park 🇨🇦 Canada
1 of 68
<5%
205 Great Bear Rainforest 🇨🇦 Canada
1 of 68
<5%
206 Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge 🇺🇸 United States
3 of 68
<5%
207 Snowdonia National Park 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
1 of 68
<5%
208 Kaziranga National Park 🇮🇳 India
1 of 68
<5%
209 Royal Manas National Park 🇧🇹 Bhutan
1 of 68
<5%
210 Shenandoah National Park 🇺🇸 United States
2 of 68
<5%
211 Fertő-Hanság National Park 🇭🇺 Hungary
1 of 68
<5%
212 Poás Volcano National Park 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
1 of 68
<5%
213 Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary 🇲🇾 Malaysia
1 of 68
<5%
214 Congaree National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 68
<5%
215 Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve 🇲🇽 Mexico
1 of 68
<5%
216 Volcán Barú National Park 🇵🇦 Panama
1 of 68
<5%
217 Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park 🇯🇲 Jamaica
1 of 68
<5%
218 Torres del Paine National Park 🇨🇱 Chile
1 of 68
<5%
219 Table Mountain National Park 🇿🇦 South Africa
1 of 68
<5%
220 Blue Mountains National Park 🇦🇺 Australia
1 of 68
<5%
221 Redwood National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 68
<5%
222 Pyrénées National Park 🇫🇷 France
1 of 68
<5%
223 Banff National Park 🇨🇦 Canada
1 of 68
<5%
224 Tijuca National Park 🇧🇷 Brazil
1 of 68
<5%
225 Wadden Sea National Park 🇩🇪 Germany
1 of 68
<5%
226 Cairngorms National Park 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
1 of 68
<5%
227 Channel Islands National Park 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 68
<5%
228 Lamington National Park 🇦🇺 Australia
1 of 68
<5%

Cities Ranked

#CityCountrySpeciesDaily sighting probability
1 Thrissur 🇮🇳 India
4 of 68
~30%
2 Makassar 🇮🇩 Indonesia
1 of 68
~20%
3 Mombasa 🇰🇪 Kenya
2 of 68
~20%
4 Antananarivo 🇲🇬 Madagascar
1 of 68
~10%
5 Padang 🇮🇩 Indonesia
1 of 68
~10%
6 Denpasar 🇮🇩 Indonesia
1 of 68
~10%
7 Tamluk 🇮🇳 India
1 of 68
~10%
8 Yogyakarta 🇮🇩 Indonesia
1 of 68
~10%
9 Tainan 🇹🇼 Taiwan
1 of 68
~10%
10 Jaipur 🇮🇳 India
2 of 68
~10%
11 Jakarta 🇮🇩 Indonesia
2 of 68
~10%
12 Singapore 🇸🇬 Singapore
3 of 68
~10%
13 Taichung 🇹🇼 Taiwan
1 of 68
~10%
14 Jerusalem 🇮🇱 Israel
1 of 68
~10%
15 Recife 🇧🇷 Brazil
1 of 68
~10%
16 Harare 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe
1 of 68
~10%
17 Managua 🇳🇮 Nicaragua
2 of 68
~10%
18 Surabaya 🇮🇩 Indonesia
1 of 68
~10%
19 Nairobi 🇰🇪 Kenya
1 of 68
~10%
20 Santo Domingo 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic
1 of 68
~10%
21 Havana 🇨🇺 Cuba
3 of 68
~10%
22 Porto Alegre 🇧🇷 Brazil
1 of 68
~10%
23 Niterói 🇧🇷 Brazil
2 of 68
~10%
24 Taipei 🇹🇼 Taiwan
2 of 68
~10%
25 Goiânia 🇧🇷 Brazil
1 of 68
<5%
26 Solapur 🇮🇳 India
1 of 68
<5%
27 Kuala Lumpur 🇲🇾 Malaysia
2 of 68
<5%
28 Panama City 🇵🇦 Panama
6 of 68
<5%
29 São Paulo 🇧🇷 Brazil
5 of 68
<5%
30 Houston 🇺🇸 United States
3 of 68
<5%
31 Phoenix 🇺🇸 United States
2 of 68
<5%
32 Curitiba 🇧🇷 Brazil
4 of 68
<5%
33 Asuncion 🇵🇾 Paraguay
3 of 68
<5%
34 Cordoba 🇦🇷 Argentina
2 of 68
<5%
35 Guatemala City 🇬🇹 Guatemala
3 of 68
<5%
36 Raipur 🇮🇳 India
2 of 68
<5%
37 Addis Ababa 🇪🇹 Ethiopia
1 of 68
<5%
38 Bhopal 🇮🇳 India
2 of 68
<5%
39 Maceió 🇧🇷 Brazil
2 of 68
<5%
40 Austin 🇺🇸 United States
4 of 68
<5%
41 San José 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
2 of 68
<5%
42 Miami 🇺🇸 United States
4 of 68
<5%
43 Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar 🇮🇳 India
1 of 68
<5%
44 Campo Grande 🇧🇷 Brazil
2 of 68
<5%
45 Chicago 🇺🇸 United States
2 of 68
<5%
46 Wuhan 🇨🇳 China
1 of 68
<5%
47 Kaohsiung 🇹🇼 Taiwan
1 of 68
<5%
48 Pretoria 🇿🇦 South Africa
1 of 68
<5%
49 Minneapolis [Saint Paul] 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 68
<5%
50 Ankara 🇹🇷 Turkey
1 of 68
<5%
51 Dhaka 🇧🇩 Bangladesh
1 of 68
<5%
52 Abu Dhabi 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates
1 of 68
<5%
53 Philadelphia 🇺🇸 United States
1 of 68
<5%
54 Buenos Aires 🇦🇷 Argentina
4 of 68
<5%
55 Kuwait City 🇰🇼 Kuwait
1 of 68
<5%
56 Vitória 🇧🇷 Brazil
1 of 68
<5%
57 Mexico City 🇲🇽 México
2 of 68
<5%
58 Bogota 🇨🇴 Colombia
2 of 68
<5%
59 Caracas 🇻🇪 Venezuela
3 of 68
<5%
60 Pune 🇮🇳 India
2 of 68
<5%

Zoos & Centres Where Found

# Zoo / Centre Country
1 Parque das Aves 🇧🇷 Brazil In captivity
2 Parque Zoológico Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 🇲🇽 Mexico In captivity
3 Birdworld Kuranda 🇦🇺 Australia In captivity
4 Kuranda Koala Gardens 🇦🇺 Australia In captivity